Van der Woude Syndrome (VWS) is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects the development of the orofacial region. Although it is relatively uncommon, with an estimated prevalence of approximately 1 in 35,000 to 1 in 100,000 live births, its impact on affected individuals can be significant, especially in terms of speech, feeding, and dental development. However, not all individuals with VWS present with all these features, and the severity of symptoms can vary greatly.

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), also referred to as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a rare congenital neurological disorder that affects approximately 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 50,000 infants. SWS typically has three characteristic features: port-wine birthmark, glaucoma, and leptomeningeal angioma. Children born with the condition may exhibit symptoms such as seizures at about 6 months of age and have cognitive and behavioral impairments.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD), a common digestive ailment affecting millions worldwide, occurs when stomach acid or bile irritates the esophageal lining, leading to heartburn, regurgitation, and discomfort.

Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder primarily affecting males due to its X-linked recessive pattern. This genetic condition mainly affects the immune system and platelets, which increases susceptibility to infections, bleeding complications, and autoimmune diseases. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the WAS gene, which is vital for the proper functioning of immune cells and the formation of platelets.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a neurological movement disorder that affects motor skills and muscle coordination, resulting from damage to the brain during its development. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (DCP) is a subtype of cerebral palsy defined by movement disorders stemming from damage to the basal ganglia, the brain's movement and coordination center.

Bertolotti’s Syndrome is a lesser-known cause of chronic lower back pain, often misdiagnosed as general musculoskeletal discomfort. It arises from an anatomical variation in the lower spine known as a lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV), where the last lumbar vertebra (L5) abnormally fuses or forms an articulation with the sacrum or ilium.

Benign Fasciculation Syndrome (BFS) is a condition that manifests as frequent, involuntary muscle twitches or fasciculations, which can cause considerable anxiety in affected people. Although these twitches can be concerning, the disorder does not indicate a serious underlying disease. In fact, BFS is distinct from other, more serious neurological conditions, making accurate diagnosis essential. Understanding the nature of BFS, its symptoms, causes, and management can help people manage the condition and ease any emotional distress it may cause.

A Remote Second Opinion (RSO) is a medical consultation provided by a specialist who reviews a patient's case remotely, typically using digital platforms, without the need for an in-person visit. RSOs are an invaluable resource in oncology, providing patients with access to expert opinions that might not be readily available in their local healthcare settings.

Cingulotomy represents one of the most intriguing intersections of modern neurosurgery and psychiatric treatment. In an era when mental health challenges - such as treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and certain forms of chronic pain - are rising, clinicians and researchers alike are turning to advanced surgical techniques to provide relief when conventional therapies have failed.