EDUCATE YOURSELF, TAKE CARE OF YOURSELF THIS BREAST CANCER AWARENESS MONTH
Medically Reviewed and Updated by Dr. Sony Sherpa, (MBBS) - October 01, 2024
October is observed as Breast Cancer Awareness Month in many countries across the world. The mission of this observance is to assist those affected by breast cancer through education and other support services. Breast cancer awareness is vital for promoting early detection and reducing mortality rates. Recent data indicates that worldwide, over 2.3 million women are diagnosed with breast cancer annually. Awareness campaigns seek to educate the public on the importance of regular screenings and self-exams. It is essential to know that breast cancer can affect people of any age, and early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes.
In this article, we will discuss the symptoms, causes, stages, and types of breast cancer, as well as what’s involved in diagnosis and treatment.
Breast Cancer - An Overview
Breast cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the cells of the breasts, usually in the lobules or ducts. The glands that produce milk are known as lobules, and the pathways that bring the milk to the nipple are known as ducts.
Amongst all types of cancer, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women, affecting 1 in 8 globally. While less prevalent, males can also develop breast cancer, with approximately 1% of cases occurring in men.
Symptoms of Breast Cancer
In its early stages, breast cancer may not cause any symptoms. The common symptoms associated with breast cancer include:
- A lump in the breast or thickened tissue which is noticeably different from the surrounding tissue
- Swelling in all parts of your breast
- Red skin over your entire breast
- Nipple discharge other than breast milk
- Bloody discharge from your nipple
- Lump in the breast or underarm
- Changes in breast shape or size
- Dimpling or flaking of the skin
- Inverted nipple
Symptoms of secondary breast cancer, when the malignancy has spread to other parts of the body, include persistent bone pain, liver swelling, or headaches.
Causes of Breast Cancer
When the cells of the breast begin to grow abnormally, it can lead to breast cancer. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells, and they continue to accumulate in one place, thus forming a lump or a mass. It begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts or in the glandular tissue, also known as lobules. Hormonal, lifestyle, and environmental factors tend to increase the risk of breast cancer. Breast cancer can develop owing to various factors. Key causes and risk factors include:
- Age: The risk rises with age, particularly after 50.
- Family History: A family history of breast cancer, particularly if a first-degree relative is affected, increases risk. However, studies show that breast cancer can occur even without a family history.
- Genetics: Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can significantly increase the risk of breast cancer.
- Lifestyle Factors: Poor diet and exercise patterns, obesity, alcohol consumption, and smoking can influence risk.
- Hormonal Factors: Hormone replacement therapy, early menarche (starting menstrual periods before age 12), late menopause (starting menopause after age 55), and childbirth history impact risk.
- Environmental Factors: Exposure to radiation and certain medications can contribute to risk.
Stages of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer staging helps determine the extent of the disease and guide treatment. The TNM staging system categorizes cancer based on:
- T (Tumor size): Measures the size of the primary tumor.
- N (Node involvement): Indicates whether cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
- M (Metastasis): Shows if cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Stages range from Stage 0 (non-invasive) to Stage IV (advanced). They are:
Stage 0: In the earliest stage of breast cancer, also termed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the cancer cells are limited to the confines of the ducts of the breast and have not invaded surrounding tissue. It is typically detected through mammography as there is no palpable mass.
Stage 1: This stage is divided into two subcategories:
- Stage 1A: The tumor measures 2 centimeters or less and has not spread outside the breast.
- Stage 1B: There is no tumor present in the breast, but small cancer cell clusters are found in the lymph nodes.
Stage 2: This stage is divided into two subcategories:
- Stage 2A: The tumor is either larger than 2 centimeters but not over 5 centimeters in size or has spread to 1-3 nearby lymph nodes. Alternatively, there may be no tumor in the breast, but cancer has spread to 1-3 axillary lymph nodes.
- Stage 2B: The tumor is more than 5 centimeters in size or has spread to 1-3 nearby lymph nodes. It may also involve any tumor size with cancer spread to 1-3 axillary lymph nodes.
Stage 3: This stage is divided into three subcategories:
- Stage 3A: The tumor is any size and has spread to 4-9 lymph nodes in the axilla (underarms) or near the breastbone.
- Stage 3B: The tumor may be of any size and has spread to the breast skin or chest wall, which may cause swelling or ulceration.
- Stage 3C: The cancer has invaded 10 or more lymph nodes in the underarms or near the breastbone, or has spread to lymph nodes under or above the collarbone. The tumor may be any size.
Stage 4: This is the most advanced stage of breast cancer, where it has metastasized beyond the breast and nearby lymph nodes to other parts of the body, such as the bones, liver, lungs, or brain.
Types of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is categorized into several types:
Invasive Breast Cancer:
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): The most prevalent type, starting in the ducts and spreading to surrounding tissue.
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): Begins in the lobules and can spread to nearby tissues.
- Non-invasive Breast Cancer:
- Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): A pre-cancerous condition where cells inside the ducts have changed but haven’t spread.
- Lobular Carcinoma in Situ (LCIS): Abnormal cells in the lobules that may increase the risk of developing invasive cancer.
Other Types:
- Inflammatory Breast Cancer: A rare, aggressive form that blocks lymph vessels in the skin.
- Paget Disease of the Nipple: Affects the skin and area around the nipple.
- Triple-negative Breast Cancer: Lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, making it harder to treat.
Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Accurate diagnosis is vital for effective breast cancer treatment. Here's a comprehensive look at the diagnostic methods and processes for detecting breast cancer:
Early Detection
Early detection plays a crucial part in improving breast cancer outcomes. Here’s how to stay proactive:
- Regular Self-Exams: Performing regular breast self-exams can help you familiarize yourself with the normal feel and appearance of your breasts. This makes it easier to detect any unusual changes. To perform a self-exam:
- Stand in front of a mirror: Look for any changes in the size, shape, or symmetry of your breasts.
- Raise your arms: Check for any changes in the contour or color of your breasts.
- Feel for lumps: Using the pads of your fingers, gently press in a circular motion to feel for any lumps or unusual thickening.
- Perform the exam monthly: It's best to do this a few days after your menstrual period when your breasts are least likely to be swollen or tender.
- When to See a Doctor: Consult a healthcare provider if you notice any of the following symptoms:
- Persistent lumps or swelling in or near the breast or underarm
- Changes in breast size or shape
- Skin-related changes such as dimpling, puckering, or redness
- Unexplained discharge from the nipple, especially if it's blood-stained
Annual Mammograms
Mammograms can help detect breast cancer early, often before symptoms appear. The American Cancer Society recommends:
- Annual Mammograms: Women should start having annual mammograms at age 40. For those at higher risk, earlier screening may be advised.
- Frequency of Check-ups: Regular mammograms help in early detection and management. It's vital to follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations regarding the frequency of these screenings based on your risk factors
Types of Breast Cancer Not Detected by Mammograms
Not all types of breast cancer are easily detected by mammograms. Some may not show up in mammograms or may give false negative results:
False Negatives: Mammograms can occasionally miss cancers or show false negative results. Women should remain vigilant and consult their healthcare providers if they have any concerns.
Types Not Easily Detected: Certain types of breast cancer, such as inflammatory breast cancer and some rare subtypes, may not be visible on mammograms and may require additional diagnostic tests.
Other Diagnostic Methods
In addition to mammograms, several other diagnostic methods can be used to evaluate breast cancer:
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Often used to get a detailed view of the breast and surrounding tissues, especially if a mammogram is inconclusive or if there is a known breast cancer.
- PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography): Helps determine if cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
- Core Needle Biopsy: Involves taking a sample of tissue from the suspicious area to check for cancer cells.
- Immunohistochemistry (IHC): Tests for specific proteins in cancer cells to help determine the type of breast cancer and the best treatment approach.
- Blood Tests: Although not used for initial detection, blood tests can help stage and monitor the cancer.
Latest Developments in Early Breast Cancer Detection
Advancements in breast cancer detection continue to evolve. Some of the latest developments include:
- Emerging Screening Technologies: Innovations like 3D mammography (tomosynthesis) and molecular breast imaging that can improve the accuracy of early detection.
- Genetic Testing and Biomarkers: New tests that can help identify people at high risk of breast cancer and develop personalized treatment plans.
- Enhanced Imaging Techniques: Techniques such as contrast-enhanced mammography and breast MRI are being refined to improve early detection rates.
Treatment Options
The treatment plan for breast cancer is determined based on the stage and type of cancer. Common treatment options include:
- Surgery: Surgical treatment options include lumpectomy, which involves removing the tumor and a portion of surrounding tissue, or mastectomy, where one or both breasts are removed. The technique chosen depends on the size, location, and type of cancer.
- Radiation Therapy: Utilizes high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells in the breast or chest wall.
- Chemotherapy: Systemic treatment using drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells, often used before or after surgery.
- Targeted Therapy: Targets specific molecules that promote cancer growth and spread, often used together with other treatments.
- Hormone Therapy: Used to block or lower hormones that fuel some types of breast cancer, particularly hormone receptor-positive cancers.
- Immunotherapy: Boosts the body's immune system to help fight cancer cells, often used for specific breast cancer types, such as triple-negative breast cancer.
What to Expect During Recovery
Recovery from breast cancer treatment varies based on the type of treatment and individual health factors. Generally, you can expect:
- Initial Healing: After surgery, such as a lumpectomy or mastectomy, you may experience pain and swelling. Pain management strategies and care guidelines for the surgical site will be provided by your healthcare team.
- Activity Restrictions: Refrain from strenuous activities and heavy lifting while healing. Your healthcare team will offer guidance on when and how to resume normal activities.
- Physical Therapy: Some patients improve with physical therapy, which helps regain strength and mobility in the affected area.
Prevention and Risk Reduction
As discussed above, early detection through regular mammograms and clinical breast exams is crucial and can significantly improve treatment outcomes. Other considerations can include:
Lifestyle Changes
Adopting a healthy lifestyle can reduce breast cancer risk:
- Healthy Diet: Focus on consuming fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while restricting saturated fats and processed foods.
- Exercise: Prioritize regular physical activity to maintain a healthy weight and overall wellness.
- Weight Management: To lower breast cancer risk, it is important to maintain a healthy weight.
- Limiting Alcohol and Smoking: Reducing alcohol consumption and avoiding smoking can help decrease breast cancer risk.
Genetic Counseling and Risk Assessment
- Genetic Counseling: People with known genetic mutations or a family history of breast cancer can gain from genetic counseling, which can provide insights into the risks and help guide preventive measures.
- Risk Assessment: Tools and tests evaluate your risk based on family history, genetic factors, and lifestyle.
Early Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
- Early Pregnancy: Some studies suggest that having children at a younger age can lower the risk of breast cancer.
- Breastfeeding: Breastfeeding for an extended period may also reduce the risk of breast cancer.
Preventive Medicines
- Estrogen-Blocking Medicines: Medications such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) or aromatase inhibitors can reduce breast cancer risk in women at high risk.
Preventive Surgery
- Prophylactic Mastectomy: To lower the risk of developing breast cancer, one or both breasts may be surgically removed.
- Prophylactic Oophorectomy: Removal of ovaries to reduce the risk of breast cancer in women with high genetic risk.
Myths and Facts
- Breast Cancer Affects Only Middle-Aged or Older Women: Breast cancer can also affect younger women, although the risk increases with age.
- Breast Cancer Always Starts with a Lump: Not all breast cancers present as lumps. Some may cause changes in breast shape, skin texture, or discharge.
- You Will Definitely Develop Breast Cancer if the BRCA1 or BRCA2 Gene Mutation is Detected: Having a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation increases the risk of breast cancer but does not guarantee it.
- Antiperspirants and Deodorants Can Cause Breast Cancer: There is no scientific evidence linking antiperspirants or deodorants to breast cancer.
- Mammograms Can Cause Breast Cancer or Spread It: Mammograms are a safe and essential tool for early breast cancer detection. While they involve a small amount of radiation, the risk of developing cancer because of this exposure is extremely low. Additionally, breast compression during the procedure does not cause cancer or make existing tumors grow or spread faster. The benefits of early detection significantly outweigh these minimal risks. For more information, consult with your healthcare provider.
- IVF Increases the Risk of Breast Cancer: Studies have not found a definitive correlation between in vitro fertilization (IVF) and increased breast cancer risk. While some research suggests that long-term use of IVF medications might elevate estrogen levels, which could theoretically impact cancer risk, the overall evidence remains inconclusive.
- A Healthy Lifestyle Eliminates Breast Cancer Risk: While a healthy lifestyle can reduce risk, it does not guarantee immunity from breast cancer.
- If There Is No Lump, There Is No Cancer: Breast cancer can be present without a detectable lump. Regular screenings and attention to other symptoms are important.
FAQs
Can Breast Cancer Occur with No Symptoms?
Yes, breast cancer can be present without noticeable symptoms. Regular screenings are crucial for detecting cancer early.
What Is the Prognosis for Breast Cancer?
Prognosis depends on various factors, including the cancer stage and type and the individual’s health status. Generally, early detection and treatment improve prognosis.
Are Dense Breasts More Prone to Cancer?
Yes, women with dense breast tissue may have a higher risk of breast cancer. Dense tissue can make it harder for mammograms to detect abnormalities.
To search for the best Oncology healthcare providers in Germany, India, Malaysia, Singapore, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, the UAE, the UK and the USA, please use the Mya Care search engine.
To search for the best healthcare providers worldwide, please use the Mya Care search engine.
Sources:
